Omega 3 DHA : algal oil (schizochytrium sp), antioxidant (mixed tocopherols) capsule [ starch, humectant (glycerol) & purified water]

Alpha GPC : Alpha GPC (99%), mannitol, vegetable cellulose capsule (HPMC), silicon dioxide, Magnesium stearate, vitamin B12

[1] Ramanujan, K. (2022). Choline makes key nutrient available for baby development. Cornell Chronicle. https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2022/05/choline-makes-key-nutrient-available-baby-development#:~:text=The%20findings%20show%20that%20choline,the%20tissues%2C%20including%20the%20placenta

[2] Bortz, J. (2021). Is There a Relationship Between Choline and DHA? xeragenx. https://www.xeragenx.com/article/is-there-a-relationship-between-choline-and-dha

[3] McFadden, J. W. (2018). The Synergy of Choline and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Optimized Transition Cow Nutrition: A Hypothesis. 2018 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, 62–79.

[4] Ly, R., MacIntyre, B. C., Philips, S. M., McGlory, C., Mutch, D. M., & Britz-McKibbin, P. (2023). Lipidomic Studies Reveal Specific Circulating Phosphatidylcholines as Surrogate Biomarkers of Omega-3 Index. Journal of Lipid Research, 100445.

[5] Li, J., Jian, Y., Liu, R., Zhao, X., Mao, J., Wei, W., Jiang, C., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Zhou, P. (2023). Choline and Fish Oil Can Improve Memory of Mice through Increasing Brain DHA Level. Foods, 12(9), 1799.

[6] European Food Safety Authority - DHA and improvement of memory function: 2016 Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 EFSA Journal, 14(5)

[7] Stonehouse et al - DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

[8] Leckie et al - The effects of omega-3 fatty acids on neuropsychological functioning and brain morphology in mid-life adults: a randomized clinical trial - Psychological Medicine volume 50 issue 14 October 2019

[9] Murphy et al (2021). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid serum concentrations across life stages in the USA: An analysis of NHANES 2011–2012. BMJ Open, 11(5), e043301.

[10] Derbyshire et al - Oily Fish and Omega-3s Across the Life Stages: A Focus on Intakes and Future Directions. 2019 Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 165

[11] Dagai et al DHA Significantly Stimulates Immediate Early Response Genes and Neurite Outgrowth 2009 Neurochemical Research 34(5), 867–875.

[12] Schettini G, et al Molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a new cognition-enhancing drug, on behavioral and biochemical parameters in young and aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992 Sep;43(1):139-51.